KGZ 22 Key Biodiversity Area Alai Valley

Acantholimon alaicum

Genus: Acantholimon family: Leadaceae order: Leadaceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Flowering.
Botanical description of the genus: Representatives of the genus are perennial evergreen subshrubs that form dense, hard, continuous cushions and carpets. The homeland of acantholimon is the steppe and mountainous regions of Armenia, Asia Minor, Tibet, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. The genus Acantholimon consists of 295 species of evergreen plants. Species of the genus Acantholimon are found in Europe, Central Asia and Southwest Asia, China and Pakistan.
Acantholimons are distinguished by their height, which can reach from 30 centimeters to 1 meter. The root system is well developed, of a mixed type, which allows it to grow well on rocky and gravelly substrates. Stems erect, branched, woody at the base. The leaves are intense dark green, rather long, hard, and needle-shaped. Elastic needle-like leaves are collected in rosettes. Fitting tightly to each other, they form neat prickly pillows.
Flowers in one-sided spike-shaped inflorescences. The corolla color ranges from pale pink to bright pink. Acantholimons bloom from July to August.
Interesting Facts: Acantholimon (lat. Acantholimon) is a genus of ground cover plants belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae. The name of the Greek etymology, “acanthos” - thorn, thorn and “leimon” - meadow, explains the life form of the plants.
Acantholimons are used in landscape design to create alpine slides and rocky gardens. In addition, the extract of these plants is used to treat wounds, burns and inflammatory processes on the skin. Acantholimones also have antibacterial properties and can be used as an antiseptic.
Information sources: https://diymaven.ru/78320-akantolimon
https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/21259
Photo source: http://flower.onego.ru/other/acanthol.html

Artemisia knorringiana

Artemisia L. sl is a genus of herbaceous, subshrub or subshrub plants of the Asteraceae family. The most common wormwoods are in the steppes and deserts of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Transcaucasus, the South-East of European Russia and Ukraine.
Botanical description of the species: Genus: Artemisia family: Compositae order: Astroraceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Floral.
Flowers: size up to 1 cm; perianth actinomorphic, inconspicuous, petalous; number of petals 5; inflorescence basket.
External signs of leaves: leaves are simple; round, ovoid shape.
Differences in shoots: shoots are erect; leaf arrangement on the shoot is alternate; placement of leaves along the length of the stem.
Fruits: dry type; dry achene.
Interesting Facts: The botanical Latin name "Artemisia" is derived from the ancient Greek name wormwood, which is associated with the Greek word for "healthy", or with the name of the goddess Artemis.
A source of information: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/24971
Photo source:http://vestnik.spbu.ru/html16/s03/s03v1/02.pdf



Draba alajica

Class - Magnoliopsida order -Capparales family -Brassicaceae genus – Draba.
Zoning: Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Pamir and Pamir-Alai
A numerous genus of annual and perennial herbaceous plants of the Brassicaceae family, numbering about 500 species.
Botanical description of the genus: Annual or perennial low cushion-shaped plants, pubescent with branched and stellate hairs, less often with simple or forked hairs. Height 5-10 cm.
The leaves are simple, entire or multi-toothed, of two types - the lower rosettes with petioles and the upper stem ones - sessile.
The flowers are yellow or white, collected in dense racemes, lengthening with fruit. Sepals erect or slightly deflected. Petals are obovate, with marigolds. Several species previously classified as a separate genus, Stonefly (Erophila), have bipartite petals. The ovary is sessile, with a short style, the stigma is bilobed.
The fruits are two-locular (rarely four-locular) pods, flattened on the sides, of various shapes - elliptical, ovoid, lanceolate, round, linear, straight or twisted, flat or slightly swollen. The nests are polyspermous.
Distribution and ecology: The bulk of species grow in the subalpine and alpine zones of the mountains of Eurasia, America and in the Arctic tundra.
Interesting Facts: It is believed that the plant gave its name to the city of Krupki, Minsk region in the Republic of Belarus, which is why the image of the krupki is on the local coat of arms.
Some species are decorative and introduced into culture. The cereals are very drought-resistant and light-loving, but in order to preserve the greenery after flowering, they need abundant watering. Suitable soils are loamy, sandy loam, rocky, containing humus and lime, and permeable. They reproduce by dividing the bush and by seeds.
Information sources: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/13466.html
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/55824-Draba
Photo source: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/6445.html



Hedysarum daraut-kurganicum

Genus: Copper < family: Legumes < order: Legumes < class: Dicotyledonous < division: Flowering.
Botanical description of the species:
Flowers: perianth zygomorphic; number of petals 5; inflorescence raceme.
External signs of leaves: smooth edge; leaves are compound; the division is pinnate; orders of complexity 1; petiole attachment; there is no division.
Differences between the shoots: the leaf arrangement on the shoot is alternate.
Fruits: dry type; dry pod or bean.
A source of information: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/39344
Photo source: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/18154.html



Iskandera alaica

Status: VU. A rare, narrowly endemic species. There is only one species of this genus in the republic.
Genus: Iskander family: Brassicas order: Caperaceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Flowering.
Botanical description of the species: A perennial plant with lignified branched multi-headed caudexes, covered with the remains of old leaves, with leafless, bare stems up to 20 (50) cm in height. The whole plant is grayish from a dense cover of small, appressed branched hairs and scattered large capitate glands. Fruiting stems are thick, bare, 8 - 11 cm in height. The basal leaves are gray-green, entire, oblong-obovate. The perianth is violet-colored. Petals 20 - 25 mm long, purple. The pods are wide-linear, up to 6 cm long, 5-8 mm wide, flattened, with a fleshy stigma at the apex. There is no woolly pubescence on the stalks of the pods.
Features of biology. Blooms in VI; bears fruit in VII. Reproduction is by seed.
The distribution is general in the country. Kyrgyzstan: Alai Valley, slopes of Kyzyl-Eshme, river basin. Kashka-Suu.
Places of growth. Clay-limestone deposits in the middle and upper zone of the mountains. Number. Very insignificant.
Limiting factors. Unsystematic grazing of livestock and excessive load on pastures prevents the regeneration of plants.
Cultivation.No information.
Existing security measures. Listed in the Red Book of the Kirghiz SSR (1985).
Recommended security measures. Organize a botanical reserve in the river basin. Kashka-Suu, in the area of the highest concentration of populations of the species.
A source of information: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/41985
https://open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/nature/red-book/fungi-and-higher-plants/31762-iskandera-alayskaya-alay-iskanderasy-alai-iskandera.htm
Photo source: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/20922.html



Littledalea alaica

Genus: Littledalea family: Bluegrass order: Bluegrass class: Monocots division: Flowering.
Zoning: Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Pamir and Pamir-Alai
Botanical description of the species:
Flowers: size up to 1 cm; perianth inconspicuous; inflorescence spike
External signs of leaves:linear shape; there is no division; attachment sessile, vaginal; smooth edge; leaves are simple; lanceolate shape.
Differences between shoots:The leaf arrangement on the shoot is regular.
Fruits: dry type; dry grain; color with shades of yellow.
Perennial. Stems are 15-25 cm tall. The leaves are bluish-green, smooth below, rough above, up to 0.3 cm wide, slightly curled. A plate at the base with linear curved ears. The uvula is densely hairy. The vaginas are pubescent. The panicle is compressed. Spikelets number 4-10, 5-11-flowered, about 3.5 cm long, variegated. Flowering in June-July.
Information sources: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/44290
https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/44290
http://www.agbina.com/1386/1387/569/109642
Photo source: https://plant.depo.msu.ru/open/public/item/MW0807528



Prangos gyrocarpa

Genus: Prangos family: Celeryaceae order: Araliaceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Flowering.
There are about 25 species in the genus. They are found in the Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, and Eastern India.
Zoning: Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Pamir and Pamir-Alai
Botanical description of genus: Polycarpic about 1 m tall. Perennial large plants, glabrous or pubescent with repeatedly pinnately incised leaves with filamentous or lanceolate terminal lobes.The leaves are openwork. Differences between the shoots: the leaf arrangement on the shoot is alternate.
Flowers: actinomorphic perianth; number of petals 5; inflorescence umbrella. The inflorescence is umbellate. The calyx teeth are invisible. The petals are yellow with the tip curled inward.Fruits: dry yellow carp; dry type; dry achene.
Information sources: http://www.agbina.com/2372/2373/110801
https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/51393
Photo source: https://plant.depo.msu.ru/open/public/item/MW0807528



Pulsatilla kostyczewii

Zoning: meadows, forests. Temperate zones of Eurasia and North America.Endemic to Central Asia (Pamir-Alai: foothills of the Trans-Alay range). Grows on rocks and rocky places.
Botanical description of the species: Genus: Lumbago family: Ranunculaceae order: Ranunculaceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Flowering.
Life form: grass, terrestrial, perennial, ephemeral.
Plant 12-20 cm tall.
The rhizome is very powerful, covered at the top with fibrous remains of dead leaves.
The root leaves are doubly trifoliate with entire, linear or two or three-separate segments, with entire and linear lobules, about 0.5 mm wide, covered, like the stems and petioles, with thick, soft, white hairs, appearing simultaneously with the flowers.
The leaflets are palmately multipartite into very narrow whole-edged or double-cut lobules. Peduncles are long, 6-10 cm long. The flowers are large, 5.5-6 cm in diameter, erect; tepals about 3 cm long and 2 cm wide, obovate, internal with rounded, external with an acute tip, pink, shaggy on the outside, remaining with the fruit. The stamens are half as long as the tepals; filaments purple; anthers ovate-heart-shaped, purple. Blooms in June.
Fruitlets with a long (4-5 cm long), flexible, feathery spine. Fruits in July.
Information sources: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/51912 http://www.agbina.com/2372/2373/110891
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0 %BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0
Photo sources: https://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/30908.html
https://www.pavelkaalpines.cz/Photos/Garden2010/pulsatillakostyczewii.html

Olga's fieldfare (Sorbaria olgae)

Genus: Fieldfare family: Rosehip order: Rosaceae class: Dicotyledonous division: Flowering.
Status: CR B2ab(iii). The rarest narrowly endemic species of the Alai Range. Decorative.
Botanical description of the species:
Summer green shrub with bare branches, odd pinnate leaves 10 - 20 cm long with sharp linear stipules consisting of 15 - 19 leaflets. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, 2.3 - 5 cm long, 0.8 - 2.3 cm wide, with a double-toothed edge at the base, rounded or slightly narrowed, sharp or slightly retracted at the top, glabrous above, with single simple hairs along the veins below. The inflorescence is 15 - 25 cm long and 8 -15 cm wide, glabrous. Leaflets are bare, 2 - 3 cm long, rejected.
Features of biology.Not studied. Blooms in V, bears fruit in VII.
The distribution is general in the country. Northern slope of the Alai Range, near the village of Shakhimardan.
A plant with a very narrow range, which included Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The Uzbek population is now considered extinct, and Kyrgyz specimens have also not been observed for a long time. The last known habitat of the plant was in the vicinity of the village of Shakhimardan (an exclave of Uzbekistan in the territory of Kyrgyzstan) on the northern slope of the Alay Range. This is a shrub with bare light shoots, feathery leaves and dense panicles. This is an isolated area of fieldfare, significantly removed to the north from the main range of the genus, interesting from a scientific point of view.
The only location of Olga's fieldfare is known on the northern slope of the Alai ridge (Pamir-Alai) near the village. Shahimardan; This is an isolated area of fieldfare, significantly removed to the north from the main range of the genus, interesting from a scientific point of view.
Places of growth. Slopes of the gorge.
Number.The species was first found in 1871; since then, repeated surveys have failed to find it.
Limiting factors. No information.
Cultivation. No information.
Environmental situation.
Olga's fieldfare is listed in the Red Books of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan; previously it was also included in the Red Book of the USSR. It has an unclear conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. There is no data on numbers, limiting factors or potential threats.
Existing security measures. Adopted under state protection in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kirghiz SSR in 1975. Included in the Red Book of the Kirghiz SSR (1985).
Recommended security measures. Find out the current state of the species. Carefully examine the area of its former habitat, and if the species is discovered, organize a reserve.
Interesting Facts:
The name of the genus comes from the Latin name of the genus Sorbus (rowan), since the leaves of many species of fieldfare are similar to those of the common rowan.
Information sources: https://openfito.ru/vids/vid/57378
https://open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/nature/red-book/fungi-and-higher-plants/31765-ryabinnik-olgi-olga-chetindigi-olgas-sorbaria.html
https://open.kg/about-kyrgyzstan/nature/red-book/fungi-and-higher-plants/31765-ryabinnik-olgi-olga-chetindigi-olgas-sorbaria.html
https://hmong.ru/ru/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%BB %D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0 %BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8
Image source: https://eco.akipress.org/news:1592576



Rickmer's copperhead snake (Gloydius rickmersi)

This species is named in honor of Willie Rickmer Rickmers (almost 50 years after his death) for his contributions to our knowledge of the Alai and Pamir regions and his outstanding work as the organizer of the first German-Russian expedition to the area.
The copperhead snake is widespread in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. According to A.T. Bannikov et al. (1971), it is distributed in the Chui and Talas valleys, in the Issyk-Kul basin and almost all mountain ranges. Copperhead snake has not been found only in the syrts of the Eastern Tien Shan. Vertical distribution of the common copperhead in Kyrgyzstan from 550 to 4000 m above sea level. m. .
The reserve inhabits very diverse biotopes: mountain forests, shrubs, steppes, semi-deserts, subalpine meadows. Everywhere it adheres to rocky slopes, scattered rocks, and individual boulders scattered in disorder. During the day, the copperhead hides from the heat in rodent burrows, crawls out in the evening, crawls at night in search of prey, and in the morning before the onset
heat basking in the sun. Breeds in August, ovoviviparous. Shedding occurs from June to October, the number of sheddings is not established, but it happens more often than other snakes. The copperhead feeds on rodents, snakes, lizards and invertebrates
Information sources: https://vak.kg/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8-9-dissertaciya-eralieva-nm-3.pdf
https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Gloydius&species=rickmersi
https://vlab.fandom.com/ru/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B %D0%B5
Photo source: https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Gloydius&species=rickmersi



Alai mole vole (Ellobius alaicus)

Subfamily Voles - Microtinae or Arvicolinae Tribe Ellobiini Genus Mole voles (Ellobius)
A common form of the eastern mole vole in the Alai Valley (Kyrgyzstan), it is sometimes considered as an independent species.
Eastern mole mole (Ellobius tancrei Blasius, 1884), species of the genus mole mole. The twin species of the mole vole, located in the beginning. stages of speciation; sometimes in the department The species is distinguished by the Alai mole vole. Dl. bodies up to 115 mm in plains and up to 132 mm in mountain forms, length. Tail up to 14.5 mm. The color of the top is ocher-sandy, the sides are whitish. The ventral surface is dark, ash-gray. The dark coloring of the upper surface of the head does not form a sharply separated black “cap”. Usually there are 52-54 chromosomes in a karyotype; in the Pamir-Alai there are up to 15 karyomorphs with 31-54 chromosomes. With increasing height. areas, the sizes increase, and the color varies. It's getting dark. There are 4 subspecies. Distributed in lowland and mountain (up to 4000 m above sea level) semi-deserts and deserts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, in the south-east. Kazakhstan, in Xinjiang, south, west. and internal Mongolia, Tuva. Lowland forms have a lifestyle similar to that of the common mole vole. Mountain forms are characterized by a mosaic distribution associated with the distribution of thicknesses, snow cover and depths. soil freezing. S.'s activity in the mountains it shifts to daytime hours, when the top and soil layers warm up, and the breeding season shifts to the summer months. Feed reserves, consisting mainly from bulbs (wild onions, tulips), reach 2.5 kg. It is a natural carrier of pathogens of plague, tula remia, and tick-borne rickettsiosis.
A number of rare species of voles are listed in the International Red Book, including as “endangered”.
Information sources: https://www.booksite.ru/localtxt/mle/cop/ita/yus/chie/19.htm
https://apus.ru/site.xp/049051053055.html



Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)

Status:III. Critically Endangered, CR C2a(i): R, C1.
General and national distribution. Found in 12 mountainous countries in Asia. In Kyrgyzstan - on the Pskem, Chandalash, Talas, Kyrgyz, Suusamyr, Chatkal, Fergana, Turkestan, Alay ranges, as well as Kungey and Teskey Ala-Too, Naryn-Too, Moldo-Too, At-Bashi, Sary-Jaz and Kokshaal -Too.
Habitats. In the alpine and subalpine landscape zones at an altitude of 3 to 4 thousand m, it prefers a moderately dissected topography with individual hills for viewing and shelters in the form of stones and clumps of shrubs (karagana, juniper). The forest belt is usually visited when moving from one river valley to another. In winter, it is also found in the upper forest zone, following mountain goats.
Number. It was considered a common species on many mountain ranges, the total number at the beginning of the 80s was estimated at 1400 individuals, according to E. Koshkarev - at 600-700 individuals, but not more than 1000. Over the past 10-12 years, the number of the species has decreased by 5-10 times and continues to decrease, currently it does not exceed 150–250 individuals [20]. The highest density is in the highlands of the Northern Tien Shan, approximately the same in the Alai, Inner and Central Tien Shan, and the lowest in the Western Tien Shan [19]. The world population of the species is 5-7 thousand individuals.
Lifestyle (life cycles). Lives sedentary. Active during twilight and night hours, in winter and spring, when ungulates are active during the day, also found during daylight hours. The rut is in February-March, the pregnancy of females lasts 98¬103 days, there are 1-3 cubs in a litter (very rarely - up to 5). The female gives birth once every 2 years, sexual maturity occurs at the age of two. The main prey is mountain goats, argali, marmots, less often - roe deer, deer, wild boars, hares, snowcocks, and chukars. The diseases are poorly studied; cases of rabies and scabies are known.
Limiting factors. Anthropogenic: permitted fishing (late 19th – early 20th centuries); development of sheep breeding and development of mountains, poaching.
Breeding (keeping in captivity).It is well bred in many zoos around the world, with a total number of at least 700 individuals, including 6 zoos in the CIS.
Existing security measures. Hunting on the territory of Kyrgyzstan has been prohibited since 1948; since 1959, legal liability has been established for hunting and catching without licenses. Listed in the International CC and Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. Since 1975, it has been included in the List of Specially Protected Species of Kyrgyzstan. It is protected on the territory of the Sarychelek, Besharal, Naryn, Karatal-Zhapyryk, Sarychat-Ertash (created in 1993 primarily for this species) reserves, as well as in the Alaarchinsky, Karakol and Chonkeminsky national natural parks.
Recommended security measures. Creation of a protected area in Alai. Strengthening the promotion of species protection among the local population, strengthening protection and implementing the relevant articles of the Law on the Protection of Wildlife of Kyrgyzstan (2000).
Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition – Bishkek, 2007



Common Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)

Other names: Turkestan saker falcon.
Status: The saker falcon is listed in the International Red Book (category IV) as an endangered species. The number of the species has decreased sharply over the past 5 years in Kyrgyzstan.
Description. In size and build it is very similar to the gyrfalcon (almost never found together), a little smaller. The main color tone is reddish-gray, lighter underneath, most often fawn or close to it, with longitudinal dark streaks. It differs from the peregrine falcon in its reddish coloration, the absence of distinct black “whiskers,” and the light top of the head. Males and females are colored similarly, females are larger. The legs, cere and leathery ring around the eye are yellow. Juveniles are similar to adults, but are generally darker, with a denser dark mottled pattern underneath being especially noticeable; the legs, cere and eye ring are bluish-gray. The flight is strong, but they usually fly with infrequent flaps, alternating active flight with gliding. Sometimes they “shake” like a kestrel. They often soar, and quite high. Weight of males 730-950, females - 970-1300 g, length 42-59, wing of males 34.7-37.2, females - 38.6-42.3, wingspan - 102-129 cm.
National distribution. In Kyrgyzstan, it nests exclusively in the mountainous part of the country, and at an altitude of at least 1300-1500 m. It goes up to 3000 m in the vertical direction. During hunting, it also appears in lower-lying areas.
Number.The total number has not been established. Rare view. The number is declining everywhere.
Habitat.Middle and upper mountain belt, from 1300 to 3000 m above sea level. Low desert mountains and dry foothills of large ranges, river canyons, chinks, tugai, floodplain forests, mixed spruce forests, rocks and cliffs.
In Kyrgyzstan, the nominate subspecies Falco cherrug JF Gray, 1834 occurs on migration and in winter. The remaining subspecies are sedentary: Fc milvipes Jerdon, 1871, Fc coatsi, Dementiev, 1945, Fc hendersoni Hume, 1871.
In Kazakhstan, it lives in steppes and deserts, in areas with the presence of individual trees or groves, power lines, geodetic towers; as well as in chinks, near river cliffs, in rocky outcrops, and gorges in the mountains. The proximity of the habitat of a large number of rodents and birds, which are the main food of saker falcons, is a necessary condition for nesting both on the plains and in the mountains.
Lifestyle. A sedentary nomadic bird. The saker falcon hunts in open areas where there are trees or rocks from which it is convenient to look out for prey. Having seen a suitable object, the saker falcon hovers over the prey in flight, and then dives down at high speed or catches the prey in horizontal flight. Saker falcons never hunt near the nest and always fly away to significant distances (up to 20 km). This feature of saker falcons is often used by small birds. They live quietly and reproduce in the neighborhood, feeling protected because... other birds of prey do not hunt in the Saker Falcon's nesting territory. In the wild, saker falcons have virtually no enemies other than humans.
Nutrition. Saker falcons feed mainly on small mammals: gophers, pikas, and less often large lizards. Can catch hares, marmots and small passerine birds.
Reproduction. Monogamous bird with pronounced nesting conservatism. Appears in breeding areas from late March to April. It nests in separate pairs at a distance of at least 300-400 m (usually 1-10 km or more) from each other; nests can be located on a tree, on a rock or a pole. One nest is used for several years, but if there is no shortage of nests suitable for breeding, the nest is changed annually. Laying of 2-6 (usually 3-5) eggs occurs from late March to May, the chicks hatch in 33-35 days. Only the female incubates for 30 days, the male brings food for the female and initially for the chicks. Chicks are born from early May to early June. Both parents feed the young, which fledge at the age of 45 days, in late May - July. Autumn migration begins in late August - September.
Limiting factors. Habitat degradation as a result of human economic activity. Predation of nests by removing chicks for the purpose of sale. Catching. Gipel on power line supports. Recently, the saker falcon was common, but currently, due to the uncontrolled capture of saker falcons in the wild over the past 10-15 years by Arab poachers and their accomplices from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the saker falcon has become a rare breeding bird.
Existing security measures: Listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984). The species is protected by the Red Book of Kyrgyzstan in the country's reserves. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES, Appendix II of the Bonn Convention, Appendix II of the Berne Convention. The bird is endangered due to rapid population decline in Central Asian breeding territories.
Recommended security measures: Identify nesting sites and strengthen their protection. Ban the capture of falcons. Create a network of protected areas in the main nesting areas. Find out the total size and status of the population in Kyrgyzstan. Create a captive breeding nursery.
Breeding (captivity)). There are several captive breeding projects in the United States, Canada and Europe. Successfully bred in the Kyrgyz State Game Management Agency of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture in 1979.
Information sources: https://birds.kg/v2taxon.php?s=84&l=ru, https://redbookrf.ru/baloban-falco-cherrug
Gavrilov EI, Gavrilov AE "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty, 2005. E.I. Gavrilov. "Fauna and distribution of birds of Kazakhstan." Almaty, 1999. V.K. Ryabitsev. "Birds of the Urals, the Urals and Western Siberia." Ekaterinburg. Publishing house of the Ural University, 2000.
Photo source: https://redbookrf.ru/baloban-falco-cherrug