RED BOOK: KGZ05 Key biodiversity area Aflatun-Padysh-Ata

Niedzwetzky apple tree (Malus niedzwetzkyana)

Status: VU. Very rare, endemic, endangered species, with a small quantity. Valuable species for selection.
Description. In nature, trees up to 4 - 7 m in height. The bark of perennial branches is reddish-brown, while annual branches are dark purple. The leaves are dense, dark green, 7-10 cm long with a reddish tinge. The flowers are bright purple 3 - 5 cm in diameter. The fruits are medium-sized, spherical, purple-red flesh is pinkish-purple. Seeds are dark brown with a raspberry hue. In plants from the Chatkal ridge, the peel of the fruit is partially corky.
Biological features: Spread by seeds and root shoots. Leaves unfold in the third decade III. Blossoms at the end of IV - beginning of V, fructifies in VIII - IX. Vegetation ends in the first decade of X. It is very winter-hardy.
General spreading and in the country: Western Tien Shan (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), Western China (Xinjiang). Described from Mount Mashat (Syrdarya Karatau Range). In Kyrgyzstan, the Chatkal, Uzun-Akhmat and Fergana (southeastern part) ranges.
Places of growth. In the zone of walnut forests along the bottoms of the gorges and in the lower parts of the slopes. Number. Occurs singly.
limiting factors. Strengthened economic activity. Plants do not tolerate soil compaction during grazing. The fruits are eaten by animals, stopping seed renewal. When growing together with the Kirghiz and Sievers apple trees, its flowers are pollinated and the number of seed plant decreases.
Cultivation. It is widely cultivated in Kazakhstan under the name "Kuldzhinka". Wild plants are cultivated in the botanical gardens of Tashkent, Alma - Ata, Dushanbe, Moscow. In the Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, at the age of 22, she reached 7 m in height.
Existing protection measures: Included in the Red Book of the Kirghiz SSR (1985).
Protective measures are recommended. It is necessary to take into account plants growing in the gorges of the Aflatun and Kara-Suu rivers, in the Ak-Terek-Gava tract, the gorge of the Kara-Alma river. Organize a nursery for growing genetic planting material from seeds collected in wild plantations of the species.
Interesting facts: Nedzwiecky's apple tree got its name thanks to the botanist Nedzwiecki. He presented the fruits from the tree to Dr. Dick, who introduced this species into cultivation under the aforementioned name. The tree is unpretentious, decorative, grows on average up to 6 m, with a wide raised crown.
Frost resistance is high.
Nedzvetsky's apple tree is resistant to diseases.
Use as decorative species:
Malus niedzwetzkyana – one of the most charming decorative types of apple trees, a feature of which is considered to be a rich dark pink bloom. In height, the tree reaches from 5 to 8 meters, while having a round or tent-shaped crown. The branches are smooth, purplish-brown at a young age, later becoming lilac-brown. Young leaves are purple in color, then, as they bloom, they become rich emerald, and the primary color remains only on the petioles. The plant blooms profusely and with a special chic, changing the color of the emerging flowers from rich purple to a delicate pink hue. The flowers are very fragrant. The fruits of the apple tree are dark red and small, slightly larger than cherries, their diameter does not exceed 2 cm. They differ little in taste from the traditional forest wild apple tree - they are just as juicy and sour. With the onset of frost, apples do not fall off and become much tastier, moreover, they change color to purple. The apple tree bears fruit on average up to 60 years.
Nedzwiecki's apple tree is decorative all year round. In mid-May, during flowering, it is abundantly covered with bright pink flowers and fills the entire garden with a delicate aroma. In summer, small, like toy, red apples appear and the foliage darkens. In autumn, the color of the leaves changes to a fiery crimson. And in winter, unpicked and already purple apples will fall like garlands from the flexible branches of this truly unique tree. In addition to the undoubted all-season decorative effect, the Nedzwiecki apple tree is resistant to both diseases and pests. It looks good in colorful compositions, like a blooming accent. Suitable for alley planting and as a tapeworm on the lawn. Suitable for urban landscaping, except for areas with heavy traffic.

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007

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Semenov fir (Abies semenovii)

Status: VU. Relic endemic of the Western Tien Shan. Decorative.
Description: Evergreen tree of the first magnitude: up to 30 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter at chest height, life expectancy up to 300-350 years. The crown is narrow-pyramidal, columnar, swept or umbrella-shaped. The needles up to 4 cm long are single, flat, linear, slightly two-topped, the bases are slightly twisted, dark green above, below with two wide light blue stomatal stripes, on vegetative branches straight or slightly curved, on generative branches - curved, wider and hard, needles live up to 15 years. Cones are oval-cylindrical, 8-10 cm long and 3-4 cm wide. The scales are more or less broadly wedge-shaped with a gently curved upper margin. Seeds with a short wing not exceeding them by 1.5 times.
Biological features: Mesophyte, shade-induring. Propagation by seeds and cuttings. Seed renewal in plantations mixed with spruce is satisfactory, in walnut-dark pine plantations it is weak. In pure fir forests, renewal is extremely rare. In the first years it grows slowly, begins to bear fruit in 50 - 60 years.
General spreading and in the country: Western Tien Shan, slopes of At-Oinok, Uzun-Akmat and Chatkal ridges, as well as in a small area in Talas (gorge of the Besh-Tash river) and Suusamyr Ala-Too, the easternmost gorges of Kyzyl-Kol, Chichkan.
Places of growth. The belt of dark coniferous forests at an altitude of 1300-2800 m above sea level. m; predominantly on the slopes of northern and northeastern exposure, together with Schrenk spruce. On the lower border of distribution in walnut-dark coniferous forests, also along mountain river valleys, in combination with a number of trees and shrubs. The area of optimal development of fir forests, middle mountains, within the absolute heights of 2000-2500 m.
Number. In the Kyrgyz Republic, fir forests have been preserved on an area of 3.7 thousand hectares, over the past 10 years the area of plantations has increased by 0.5 thousand hectares, but its pure plantations are extremely rare.
limiting factors: Unsystematic felling in the past. Forest fires, overgrazing. mycotic disease - cenangial cancer.
Cultivation: Cultivated in many botanical gardens.
Existing protection measures: It has been protected on the territory of the republic since 1975 in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR. Listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984), the Red Book of the Kirghiz SSR (1985). The species is protected in the Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve.
Protective measures are recommended: Organize botanical reserves in places of the highest concentration of the species.
Interesting facts: Semenov fir can be seen only in Kyrgyzstan, it does not grow in any other place on the globe. This tree is amazingly beautiful, has dense lush evergreen needles and reaches a height of 30 m.
Fir is located mainly on shady slopes with a steepness of over 30 degrees, can grow on stony soils, but requires good moisture. In the south of Kyrgyzstan, in the Chatkal Range, entire forests of Semyonov's fir have been preserved. Usually it grows together with spruce. Fir wood is highly valued, significantly superior in quality to spruce. It is light, soft, but very durable. In addition, a balm is made from fir resin that heals wounds, and an essential oil is made from needles, which is used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries.

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007

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Allium dodecadontum(Allium dodecadontum)

Status: VU. A narrowly endemic species of the Chatkal Range.
Description: Perennial herbaceous bulbous plant, geophyte, xeromesophyte. Bulbs are solitary, round, 8-10 (12) mm in diameter, with gray paper shells. Bulbs are single, smooth. Stems 60 - 80 cm in height, 1.5 - 5 mm in diameter, ribbed, covered with leaf sheaths at the base. Leaves 2, flat 2.5 - 6 mm wide, rough along the edge. Inflorescence hemispherical or almost round, dense, many-flowered. Pedicels 1.5 - 2 cm, glabrous at the base. The tepals are pink-violet, with a slightly prominent midrib, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, twisted and recurved after flowering. Filaments 1.5 times shorter than perianth, bidentate, ciliate at base. Ovary long-pedunculated, rough.
Biology features: Blossoms and fructifies in V - VI.
General spreading and in the country: Chatkal ridge
Places of growth: Thickets of shrubs and forest edges in the middle belt of mountains.
Quantity No information.
Limiting factors: Human economic activity: spring grazing, picking flowers, digging bulbs.
Cultivation: No information.
Existing protection measures: Protected in the Sary-Chelek Reserve.
Protective measures are recommended: Organization of botanical reserves in places of the highest concentration of the species, monitoring of the state of populations. Prohibit digging bulbs, grazing.

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007

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Allium viridiflorum (Allium viridiflorum)

This is one of the representatives of wild onions of Kyrgyzstan.
Spreading in Kyrgyzstan: Chatkal region. Subendemic.
General spreading and in the Middle Asia: Middle Asia: Western Tien Shan (Chatkal, Fergana ranges). Endemic to Central Asia.
Ecology: Grows on gravelly, soddy slopes, in the forest-meadow belt in the main walnut forest, bushy terrain in the lower and middle mountain belts, at altitudes of 1200-2500 m above sea level. y. m. Petrophilic plant - inhabits conglomerates, pebbles, fixed screes. It occurs within two floristic regions of the Mountain Central Asian province - Chatkal and East Fergana.
Biology features: Flowering in May-June, fruiting in June.
Perennial. Bulb solitary, almost round, 0.8-2 cm in diameter, 0.8-1.2 cm in height, with gray, membranous, brittle shells elongated to the neck of the stem; rarely with elongated and few bulbs. Stem straight, cylindrical, smooth or rough 10-22 cm in height, 1-1.5 mm in diameter. Preleaf 1-2 cm tall, rough, splitting after budding. The leaf is solitary, in the aerial part it surrounds the stem up to a height of 4 cm, dissected above into 6-7 pieces, filiform, grooved lobes, 13-14 cm in height, 0.1 cm in diameter, much shorter than the stem, the edges are rarely serrated. The sheath is persistent, white-webbed, much shorter than the pedicels, torn into 2-3 parts. Inflorescence hemispherical, few-flowered, loose, 6-9 cm in diameter. Pedicels straight, filiform, almost equal, 2-4 cm in height, club-shaped ends, without bracts at base. Tepals of the stellate perianth are linear-oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm in height, equal, obtuse, yellow-green, with a slightly prominent midrib, not curled after flowering. Filaments of stamens 2.5-4 mm in height, shorter than tepals, at the base with perianth and fused with each other, fused to each other very shortly by 0.3 mm, soldered into a ring, triangular at the base, higher subulate, inner almost 2 times wider than outer, yellow-green. Anthers oblong, 1 mm long, yellow. The ovary is spherical, sessile, the surface is uneven. The column is narrowly conical, 2 mm long. Capsule almost spherical, 5-6 mm in diameter and height, slightly longer than tepals, 3-seed.
Main Threats: narrow range, grazing, mining.
Protection measures: Organize the rational and sustainable use of pastures (they are also the habitats of many wild onions), which includes the establishment of rational norms for the load of livestock, the implementation of the correct start and end dates for grazing on pastures and their strict observance. It is necessary to establish monitoring sites to monitor the status of A. Viridiflorum in the Sary-Chelek Reserve.
Interesting facts: Allium, this name was given to wild onions by the ancient Romans, is a numerous genus of perennial (sometimes annual) plants that differ in color, appearance, height, and duration of flowering.
Under natural conditions, the plant can be found in the countries of the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. In Latin, allium means garlic. By this, the inhabitants of Rome wanted to emphasize its pungency, a pungent smell reminiscent of garlic. In ancient times, magical properties were attributed to it. For example, the image of a plant is often found carved on the surfaces of sarcophagi, because the Egyptians considered it a symbol of eternity.
Today, the decorative effect of allium is more appreciated. It is grown in flower beds along with other flowers, although some varieties can also be used in the cooking process. Both the bulbs and the leaves of the plant are edible.
The plant is suitable for growing outdoors, in landscape design, but as an indoor flower, given its inherent pungent odor, allium is used very rarely.

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Source: Turdumatova N.K. "GENUS ONION (ALLIUM L.) IN KYRGYZSTAN (ISSUES OF SYSTEMATICS, GEOGRAPHY AND PROSPECTS OF USE)" Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences. Bishkek, 2022


Androsace Aflatun (Androsace aflatunensis)

Life Form: ground rosette, grass.
External signs of a plant: Flowers: number of petals 5; perianth actinomorphic, interpetalous; size up to 1 cm; inflorescence umbrella.
External signs of leaves: sessile attachment; leaves are simple; the edge is smooth; there is no articulation.
Differences of shoots: leaf arrangement on the shoot is next.
Fruits: dry box; dry type.
Interesting facts:
Androsace is a genus of annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
The leaves are usually collected in a rosette, whole. Small flowers are painted in white, pink or red, can be either single or in umbrellas. Calyx campanulate or spherical; corolla saucer-shaped or funnel-shaped. The fruit is a spherical capsule.
From the representatives of the genus Primrose (Primula), the species of the Androsace (prolomnik in Russian) differ in the short tube of the corolla.
Many species are characterized by heterostyly - unequal columnar, unequal length of columns in the pistils of flowers on different plants of the same species. Heterostyly hinders self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination of plants.
Some types of breakers are known for their medicinal properties. In landscaping, they are used in flower beds, wild gardens, rock gardens and mixborders, as a ground cover for bare garden areas or among stones.



Bunium Sary-Chelek (Bunium sary-cheleki)

— genus of herbaceous plants of the family (Apiaceae).
Botanical description: Perennial bare herbaceous plants. Tuber ovoid or spherical, deeply sunken. Stem branching almost from the base. Leaves thrice pinnately dissected into linear segments, basal - with a long petiole. Wrappers are unstable or missing.
The flowers are staminate and bisexual, actinomorphic, collected in low-beam complex umbrellas. The teeth of the calyx are inconspicuous. The petals are white or slightly purple, the outer flowers are slightly enlarged, obverse heart-shaped. Fruits are linear-oblong to ovoid.
Interesting facts:
The genus Bunium is an ancient spicy and medicinal plant, first described by the ancient Greek scientist Dioscorides as a "peanut" because of the relatively large edible roots.
Like many plants in arid and dry places, buniums had to develop in themselves the properties that allow them to survive in the harsh conditions of the dry season, small size and a small number of narrow gray-green leaves help reduce the evaporation of moisture from the plant. The main means of survival is hidden in the underground parts of the bunium - small tubers are formed on the roots of the plants, containing a supply of nutrients, so that in the spring the bunium can again spread a small rosette of leaves and give a fruiting stem, and then grow small fragrant seeds.Several species of buniums and other Apiaceae were known to the peoples who inhabited Central Asia under the collective name Zirahe "zira" as early as two thousand years BC.
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Bupleurum ferganense

Bupleurum- a genus of plants of the family (Apiaceae), distributed mainly in Eurasia and North Africa.
Perennial or annual herbaceous plants, less commonly subshrubs and shrubs. Grows in wet meadows, on slopes, cliffs.
Botanical description: The root is powerful, pivotal.
Stem erect, up to 1 m tall. The basal leaves are longer, the middle and upper ones are shorter than the lower ones. Cucumber-like bupleurum leaves have a bluish tint, as they are covered with a wax coating.
Flowers with incurved petals. Blooms in June - July
The fruit is a seed. Fruits in July-August.
Interesting facts: Some species have medicinal uses. Bupleurum protects the liver from any poisoning, the harmful effects of hydrocarbons, emissions from petrochemical industries, as well as from the effects of radioactive radiation. Also used after eating fatty foods. Bupleurum decoctions are effective in all liver diseases (hepatitis and cirrhosis).

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Corydalis subverticillata

Corydalis is a genus of perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants of the Dymyankovye subfamily, up to 40 cm high with an erect stem. Corydalis tubers contain alkaloids that are used for medicinal purposes.
Botanical description of the genus:
Representatives of the genus are mostly perennials, but there are also annuals.
The leaves are fern-like, doubly or thrice compound.
Inflorescence racemes or single flowers on long peduncles. The upper petal has a pronounced spur in which nectar accumulates. Corydalis nectar is available only to insects with a long proboscis (for example, bumblebees). Other pollinators of Corydalis are male mosquitoes and hoverflies.
The fruit is a dry, pod-like capsule.
Thanks to the tuberous thickening of the root with a supply of nutrients, Corydalis can vegetate in early spring.
Ants play an active role in seed dispersal.
Interesting facts: The alkaloids contained in the tubers make Corydalis a valuable medicinal plant. They have analgesic and anesthetic effect. Corydalis is also known as a plant with antitumor activity, astringent, hemostatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypnotic effects.
Corydalis - Honey plants. Some species are cultivated as garden ornamental plants.

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Elisanthe fedtschenkoana

Short description: Perennial, pubescent with long jointed non-glandular
hairs, in the upper part - with an admixture of glandular hairs. The root is thick, radicular. Stems 80-100 (150) cm tall, ascending from the base, branching in the inflorescence. Bracts 5-7 mm long, lanceolate, herbaceous. Pedicels 5-25 mm long. Cup (14) 16-18 (20)
mm long, 5-6 mm wide, narrowly bell-shaped, swollen in fruit, broadly bell-shaped, with 10 inconspicuous veins. Petals 13-18 mm long. The columns are bare. Capsule 8-10 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, round-ovate. Carpophore 5-7 mm long, pubescent. Seeds 1.2-1.5 mm in diameter, round-reniform, brown.
Phenology: Flowering in June-August, fruiting in July-August.
Ecology: It grows in the belt of broad-leaved (walnut) forests, 1500-2500 m above sea level
Spreading in Kyrgyzstan: Chatkal and Fergana ranges.
General spreading. Endemic
Cultivation: No information available.
Value: Decorative plant
Protection in Kyrgyzstan: protection measures were not taken.

Source: Lazkov (2005), expedition data. Lazkov (2006).

Lazkov G.A., Umralina A.R. Endemics and rare plant species of Kyrgyzstan (Atlas) - FAO. Ankara, 2015

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Ferula czatkalensis (Ferula pimenovii Lazkov)

Family: Apiaceae
Zoning: Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Western Tien Shan and Karatau, Chatkal Range (Kyrgyzstan).
Short description: Perennial monocarpic plant 40-70 cm tall, with a non-thickened root and three times trifoliate succulent leaves. Stem leaves with reduced blade or reduced to triangular sheaths. Stem with alternate branches. Umbrellas up to 5 cm in diameter, with 5-6 shortly pubescent, almost equal rays, without involucral leaves. Umbrellas 7-10 flowered, with shortly pubescent rays and 7-9 leaflets of the involucre, preserved in fruit. Petals ovate, apparently yellowish, pubescent along the back. Fruits are oval with lateral narrow-winged and filiform dorsal ribs, brown, glabrous.
Phenology: Flowering in June, fruiting in July.
Ecology: On variegated outcrops, at altitudes of 1200-1500 m a.s.l. y. m. Distribution in Kyrgyzstan. Chatkal ridge.
General spreading: Endemic.
Cultivation: No information available.
Value: The rarest kind.
Protection in Kyrgyzstan: No protection measures were taken.
Interesting facts: Sticky, fragrant gums called galban, produced by certain types of ferula, are widely used in cooking and medicine. The smelly ferula is widely known, from the milky juice of which the asafoetida spice is obtained.
Asafoetida is associated with one of the most famous legends. In Latin, asafoetida sounds like "ferula", which means "porter". This name is due to the fact that, according to legend, it was in the hollow stem of this plant that Prometheus gave fire to people. According to another version, the name "ferula" came into use because prehistoric man also used asafoetida to carry fire from place to place.
In ancient Rome, asafoetida was sold in containers along with pine nuts, which were used to flavor delicate dishes. This spice gained popularity thanks to the Roman legionnaires who brought it to England. It was grown there until the 18th century. The surge in its popularity dates back to the middle of the 19th century - during this period it enjoyed special love in Germany, where it was added to many national dishes.
In early 1971, the expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR discovered large thickets of asafoetida in the Zailiysky Alatau. At present, a significant part of them has been barbarously destroyed as a result of the militia carried out in 1989-91. campaign against "wild drug plantations", despite the fact that asafoetida - the rarest plant - has nothing to do with drugs.
Today, asafoetida is considered an Asian spice, especially in high esteem in those countries where garlic is not eaten - in Persia and India.
Source: Lazkov etc. (2006), expedition data. Lazkov G.A., Umralina A.R. Endemics and rare plant species of Kyrgyzstan (Atlas) - FAO. Ankara, 2015

Primrose Eugenia (Primula eugeniae)

Status: VU. Narrow endemic, rare, highly ornamental species. Occurs in small numbers, in a limited area in the Ferghana Range, can quickly disappear.
Description: Perennial rhizomatous plant. The leaves are broadly elliptical, serrated, glabrous above, the surfaces along the veins are softly pubescent, on long narrow-winged petioles. Inflorescence umbellate. Calyx bell-shaped, glabrous. Corolla light yellow, limb up to 20 cm in diameter. Flowers 15 - 20 cm. Corolla 3 times longer than calyx. The tie is round: filiform, with a column with a head stigma, naked. The seeds are brown.
Biological features: Beare fruits in VIII. Spread by seeds. Renewal in nature has not been studied.
General spreading and in the country: Western part of the Ferghana Range (Baubash-Ata Mountains).
Places of growth. Cracks in rocks in the Alpine and nival belts.
Quantity: Very small in nature.
limiting factors. Intensive human economic activity.
Cultivation: Very decorative, rare plant. Deserves introduction to culture.
Existing protection measures: Included in the Red Book of the USSR (1984) and in the Red Book of Kyrgyzstan. SSR (1985).
Protective measures are recommended: Organize a botanical reserve in places with the largest population of the species. Introduce into culture as a highly ornamental plant.

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007



Pseudosedum ferganense

Zoning:Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Western Tien Shan and Karatau, Kyrgyzstan.
Description. The stem is very short, simple or branching. Fruiting stems 1-3 in number, thin, straight or somewhat ascending, simple, 10-20 cm tall. Barren stems are densely leafy. The leaves are oblong, 0.8 cm long and 0.2 cm wide. Inflorescence many-flowered, umbellate-corymbose. Calyx up to 0.2 cm long. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, pink, pale pink when dry.
Biological features: Flowering in May-June.

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Silene Fetissov (Silene fetissovii)

Silene is a flowering plant of the Clove family (Caryophyllaceae).
Botanical description of the genus:
Annual or perennial herbs, rarely subshrubs. Stems erect or ascending, branched.
The leaves are opposite, sessile, lanceolate, linear, spatulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Leaves and stems glabrous or hairy, glandular-pubescent.
Flowers are monoecious or dioecious, in dichasia collected in common paniculate or spike-shaped inflorescences, sometimes solitary; calyx cleft; corolla white, greenish, pink or purple, often with a rim; five petals; ovary usually with three columns. Bloom from May to autumn. Plants usually quickly complete the development cycle and produce a large number of seeds.
The fruit is a three-celled capsule. In 1 g up to 2200 seeds.
Plants of the genus Silene have a sticky resinous substance called "sticky snares" into which small insects fall.
Interesting Facts: Many types of Silene are used in folk medicine. Some of the species are decorative.
In English, Silene a is called a flycatcher. In Russian, depending on the type, it is a cracker (by the type of inflorescence) and a nap. The latter name is consistent with the use of decoction from this plant by the Xhosa people of South Africa. They collect Silene flowers that blooms under the full moon, take its extract and see strange dreams.

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Sievers apple tree (Malus sieversii)

Status: Category LC. A mountainous Central Asian polymorphic species, a valuable element of the gene pool, one of the minor forest-forming and fruit species [61, 21, etc.]. The only species of flora in Kyrgyzstan, which is included in the International Red Book (IUCN RLTS, category VU B1 + 2c).
Description: Trees up to 3-5 m tall, with a compact crown. Branches with reddish-brown bark, or with gray, exfoliating. Shoots are lighter than those of M. niedzwetzkyana. Leaves dense to thin, up to 10 cm long. Flowers 2-5 per inflorescence, pale pink, 5.5-6.0 cm in diameter. Apples by 2-3 on the branch, flattened-spherical, 3-7 cm in diameter, green or yellowish, often with a purple blush. sweet-sour, dryish.
Biological features: Blossoms at the end of IV - beginning of V, fructifies in VII-IX. Propagated by seeds and root shoots. The species is usually low-growing, but winter-hardy and relatively unpretentious [61, 55, etc.].
General spreading and in the country: Mountains of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, South Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Northern Afghanistan, Xinjiang and the Tarbagatai Range. In Kyrgyzstan - the Kyrgyz ridges (northern slope), Talas (west), Suusamyr-Too (southern slope), Kavak-Too, Chatkal, Uzun-Akhmat, Atoinok, Fergana, Chatkal, Kichi and Chon-Kemin river basins; on Alai, except for the tract Turuk, and the Turkestan ranges is absent.
Places of growth. In the black forest belt, along the bottoms and slopes of gorges, at altitudes from 900 (usually from 1200 in Kyrgyzstan) to 2400 m a.s.l. y. m.
Quantity: Trees are located both separately and in relatively large groups in forests, almost throughout the entire range of the species on the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The areas of apple forests under the jurisdiction of the forestry authorities of the Republic, in which the Sievers apple is the main species, according to estimates for 2000, have an area of about 16.7 thousand hectares.
limiting factors: Economic activity, overgrazing. In a number of places of growth, trees are cut down for fuel, and are periodically severely affected by harmful insects.
Cultivation. It is widely cultivated in Central Asia and in the countries of the former USSR (to the north to Moscow and Kaliningrad), in Kyrgyzstan it is sometimes grown by local residents in household plots. It has been cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic since 1953. Apple trees grown from seeds and began to bear fruit at the age of 8.
Existing protection measures: The species was listed in the IUCN RLTS in 1994 as vulnerable on a global scale, and also in the Red Book of Kazakhstan in 1981 as declining in numbers. A number of habitats are located in protected areas in the Western Tien Shan (in Kyrgyzstan - in the reserves of Padysha-Ata, Sary-Chelek and Besh-Aral, as well as in the reserves of Dashman, Uzun-Akhmat, Iirisuy, etc.).
Protective measures are recommended. Take control of marginal populations (on the ridges of Suusamyr-Too, Kavak-Too, Alai), increase the amount of fines for the destruction of trees, as objects under the protection of the IUCN.

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007

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Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)

Status: III. Critically Endangered, CR C2a(i): R, C1.
General spreading and in the country: It is found in 12 mountainous countries of Asia. In Kyrgyzstan - on the Pskem, Chandalash, Talas, Kyrgyz, Suusamyr, Chatkal, Fergana, Turkestan, Alai ridges, as well as Kungei and Teskey Ala-Too, Naryn-Too, Moldo-Too, At-Bashi, Sary-Jazz and Kokshaal -Too.
Habitats: In the alpine and subalpine landscape zones at an altitude of 3,000 to 4,000 m, it prefers a moderately dissected relief with separate elevations for viewing and shelters in the form of stones and clumps of shrubs (caragana, juniper). The forest belt is usually visited when moving from one river valley to another. In winter, it is also found in the upper forest zone, following mountain goats.
Quantity: It was considered a common species on many mountain ranges, the total number at the beginning of the 80s was estimated at 1400 individuals, according to E. Koshkarev - at 600-700 individuals, but not more than 1000. Over the past 10-12 years, the population of the species has decreased by 5-10 times and continues to decrease, at present it does not exceed 150–250 individuals. The highest density is in the highlands of the Northern Tien Shan, approximately the same is in Alay, the Inner and Central Tien Shan, and the lowest is in the Western Tien Shan. The world population of the species is 5-7 thousand individuals.
Lifestyle (life cycles): Lives settled. It is active at twilight and night hours, in winter and spring, when ungulates are active during the day, it is also found in the daytime. Rutting - in February-March, the pregnancy of females lasts 98-103 days, there are 1-3 cubs in the litter (very rarely - up to 5). The female gives birth once every 2 years, puberty occurs at the age of two. The main prey is mountain goats, argali, marmots, less often - roe deer, marals, wild boars, hares, snowcocks, kekliks. Diseases are poorly understood, cases of rabies and itchy scabies are known.
limiting factors: Anthropogenic: permitted trapping (late 19th-early 20th centuries); development of sheep breeding and development of mountains, poaching.
Breeding (keeping in captivity): Successfully bred in many zoos of the world, the total number is not less than 700 individuals, including in 6 zoos of the CIS.
Existing protection measures: Hunting on the territory of Kyrgyzstan has been prohibited since 1948, since 1959, liability for hunting and trapping without licenses has been established. It is included in the International CC and Appendix 1 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. Since 1975, it has been included in the List of Specially Protected Species of Kyrgyzstan. It is protected on the territory of Sarychelek, Besharal, Naryn, Karatal-Zhapyryk, Sarychat-Ertash (created in 1993 primarily for this species) reserves, as well as in Alaarcha, Karakol and Chonkemin national natural parks.
Protective measures are recommended: Establishment of a protected area in Alai. Strengthening the propaganda of the protection of the species among the local population, strengthening the protection and implementation of the relevant articles of the Law on the Protection of the Wildlife of Kyrgyzstan (2000).

Source: Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2nd edition - Bishkek, 2007